This is the report of the Invitational Workshop on Public key Infrastructure, which was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Security Infrastructure Program Management Office (SI-PMO) and the MITRE Corporation.  A public key infrastructure provides a means for issuing and managing public key certificates, which may be used to provide security services, such as authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation, between strangers who have no previous knowledge of each other.  Papers were presented on the current state of technology and standards for a Public Key Infrastructure, management and technical issues, escrowing keys used for confidentiality exchanges, and cost models.

We rely on programs that consume audit logs to do so successfully (a robustness issue) and form the correct interpretations of the input (a semantic issue). The vendor’s documentation of the log format is an important part of the specification for any log consumer. As a specification, it is subject to improvement using formal specification techniques. This work presents a methodology for formalizing and refining the description of an audit log to improve robustness and semantic accuracy of programs that use the log. Ideally applied during design of a new format, the methodology is also profitably applied to existing log formats. Its application to Solaris BSM (an existing, commercial format) demonstrated utility by detecting ambiguities or errors of several types in the documentation or implementation of BSM logging, and identifying opportunities to improve the content of the logs. The products of this work are the methodology itself for use in refining other log formats and their consumers, and an annotated, machine-readable grammar for Solaris BSM that can be used by the community to quickly construct applications that consume BSM logs.